1.) What is an annotated bibliography?
2.) Sample annotated bibliography at Purdue Owl
4.) Sentence Templates for complex thoughts
A Blog of Writing Resources from The University of Scranton's Writing Center
Relationship | Transition Words & Phrases |
---|---|
Addition (introducing more information) | Moreover, Furthermore, Additionally, Also, In addition, Likewise, Similarly, Notably, More importantly, Significantly, It is worth noting that, Besides, Again, What is more, Not to mention, Plus, As well, Equally important |
Cause & Effect (showing consequences or results) | Therefore, Thus, Consequently, As a result, Hence, Accordingly, For this reason, Owing to, Due to, Because of, This led to, Given that, Since, Leading to, Resulting in, Indicating that, It follows that, Thereby, As a consequence, Which in turn, Under these circumstances, Stemming from, In view of this |
Contrast & Opposition (showing differences) | However, Nevertheless, On the other hand, Conversely, Although, Whereas, While, Despite this, In contrast, Even though, Yet, Still, Unlike, Albeit, Despite the fact that, Be that as it may, At the same time, Although this may be true, Regardless, Instead, Differing from, In spite of, Rather, Nonetheless, Whereas |
Comparison & Similarity (showing resemblance) | Likewise, Similarly, In the same way, Correspondingly, Just as, Analogously, Comparably, In like manner, This is consistent with, In parallel, In agreement with, This mirrors, Resembling, Along similar lines, In the same fashion, Reminiscent of, By the same token, Parallel to, Approaching, Matching, Mirroring, Equivalent to |
Clarification (explaining a concept further) | That is, In other words, Namely, Specifically, To clarify, Put differently, To put it another way, As in, As expressed by, To rephrase, More precisely, Defined as, As demonstrated by, As reported by, As shown in, That is to say, Which is to say, In simpler terms, To make it clearer, Expressed differently, What this means is |
Example & Illustration (giving specific instances) | For example, For instance, Namely, As seen in, As illustrated by, Such as, Consider the case of, In particular, To illustrate, This is evident in, A case in point, As demonstrated in, As observed in, An example of this is, As exemplified by, To give an example, Including but not limited to, In one instance, As shown through, A notable case is |
Emphasis (highlighting importance) | Indeed, Certainly, Undoubtedly, In fact, Above all, Most importantly, It should be noted that, Critically, Importantly, Of particular significance, It is important to highlight, Chiefly, Notably, Clearly, Without a doubt, Absolutely, Unquestionably, What is crucial is, Markedly, With certainty, Not to be overlooked, With special attention to |
Concession (acknowledging limitations) | Granted, Admittedly, Of course, Even though, While it is true that, Although this may be the case, One must acknowledge that, Despite this, It is recognized that, While acknowledging that, To some extent, Up to a point, Albeit, Even so, Be that as it may, Although true, That being said, Given this, While it must be admitted, Though this stands, Nonetheless |
Conclusion & Summary (wrapping up an argument) | In conclusion, To summarize, In sum, in summation, Overall, In short, Ultimately, To conclude, As we have seen, In light of this, In summary, As discussed, Taken together, These results suggest, To put it briefly, in short, On the whole, Drawing everything together, The takeaway is, To synthesize, |
Chronology & Sequence (indicating order) | First, Then, Next, Subsequently, Thereafter, Finally, At that time, Afterward, Before, Previously, Following this, Later, Simultaneously, Prior to, At the same time, Concurrently, Eventually, Beforehand, At the outset, In the beginning, At the start, From this point forward, Moving forward, Later on, In the interim, In the meantime, As soon as |
Conditionality (indicating prerequisites) | If, Provided that, Assuming that, Unless, Given that, In case, Under the condition that, Should this occur, Contingent upon, In the event that, If and when, Provided this happens, Presuming that, As long as, Dependent on, On the condition that, Subject to, Should it be necessary, With this in mind, If applicable, Supposing that |
Logical Continuation (building an argument) | Therefore, Thus, Accordingly, So, As a result, Henceforth, Building upon this, Leading to, Consequently, This supports the notion that, These findings suggest that, In turn, Extending this idea, As a natural progression, Moving from this, As previously stated, From this perspective, As such, As demonstrated earlier, Which implies that, In alignment with |
Check out this resource created by our expert writing tutors! It breaks down the difference between passive and active voice, offers powerful verb lists, and provides practical strategies for transforming passive sentences into strong, active ones. Whether you’re refining an academic paper or sharpening your writing skills, this guide will help you craft clearer, more engaging sentences.
If you’re an undergrad in the medical field, you know that reading and writing in medical academia can feel like learning a whole new language. Whether you’re tackling research papers, preparing for exams, or writing lab reports, having a strong grasp of medical academic vocabulary is essential. That’s where two powerful resources come in:
Think of the MAWL as your go-to toolkit for medical research writing. This list includes 623 word families that appear frequently in medical journals, helping you understand and use key terminology with confidence. Mastering these words can improve your reading comprehension and make your writing more precise and professional.
The MAVL expands your academic vocabulary even further with 819 high-frequency words found in medical textbooks and research articles. If you struggle with complex readings or want to elevate your writing style, this list helps you recognize and use essential terms naturally.
Both MAWL and MAVL take the guesswork out of medical writing by providing a structured way to build your vocabulary. Instead of memorizing random terms, you’ll focus on words that actually show up in your coursework and professional literature. By incorporating these words into your writing, you’ll sound more like an expert—and less like a struggling student.
Want to level up your medical vocabulary? Start integrating MAWL and MAVL into your studies today!
Writing health policy papers can feel like navigating a maze. With so many moving parts, it’s easy to get lost in the details. But with a solid structure and a few smart strategies, you can craft a paper that not only communicates your ideas clearly but also convinces readers that your policy recommendations are both feasible and essential. Whether you’re working on a graduate-level assignment or preparing a policy brief, these key organizational strategies can guide you toward success.
Before diving into the details, let’s talk about structure. The way you organize your paper will either help or hurt your argument. You want the reader to follow your train of thought easily and see how each section supports your recommendation. Here’s the basic structure you’ll want to follow:
Your introduction is where you set up the problem and tell the reader why it matters. Think of it as your paper’s elevator pitch — it needs to grab attention. Start with a clear thesis statement that tells your reader exactly what the issue is and why it’s important.
Example: “The rise of mental health issues among healthcare workers is a crisis that is only worsened by underfunded employee assistance programs. This paper argues that investing in comprehensive mental health services will improve both the wellbeing of healthcare workers and the quality of patient care.”
What You Need:
Now that the stage is set, let’s dive into some context. Your background section is where you lay out the history, scope, and challenges of the issue. Provide key facts, trends, and a snapshot of the current state of affairs.
Example: “Over the past decade, reports of burnout and mental health struggles among healthcare workers have increased by 30%. Yet, funding for mental health support programs has remained stagnant, with only 2% of the workforce receiving adequate assistance.”
What You Need:
This is where you dig into the heart of the issue. What are the current policy options? Which ones work, and which ones don’t? It’s your job to evaluate these options and lay out the pros and cons.
Example: “One policy option proposes increasing funding for employee assistance programs. While this would address some concerns, it fails to reach the full workforce. A second option, peer support groups, has shown better engagement, but it lacks the funding for long-term sustainability.”
What You Need:
Option 1: Increased Funding for Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)
Strengths:
“EAPs offer a proven, confidential service that healthcare workers can access without fear of judgment. Studies have shown that employees who use EAP services often experience lower stress levels and improved job satisfaction.”
Weaknesses:
“However, EAPs are often underutilized due to lack of awareness and limited outreach. Additionally, without proper funding, these programs may not have the capacity to support the growing demand for mental health services.”
Option 2: Implementation of Peer Support Groups
Strengths:
“Peer support groups can create a sense of community and foster trust among healthcare workers, which can help break down the stigma around mental health issues. These groups have been shown to improve employee morale and create a more open environment for discussing mental health.”
Weaknesses:
“The success of peer support groups depends heavily on the training and commitment of the peer volunteers. If not properly managed, they could unintentionally exacerbate issues or fail to provide the necessary level of support.”
Option 3: Mandatory Mental Health Training for Supervisors
Strengths:
“Equipping supervisors with mental health training ensures that the issue is addressed at all levels of the organization, making it a systemic approach to preventing burnout. Early intervention can help prevent crises and reduce the overall impact on employee productivity.”
Weaknesses:
“Mandatory training could be seen as an additional burden for supervisors who are already overworked, and its effectiveness is contingent on the quality and depth of the training. If not thorough, it could lead to token efforts that don’t truly address the root causes of mental health challenges.”
Option 1: Increased Funding for Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)
Strengths:
“EAPs offer a proven, confidential service that healthcare workers can access without fear of judgment. Studies have shown that employees who use EAP services often experience lower stress levels and improved job satisfaction.”
Weaknesses:
“However, EAPs are often underutilized due to lack of awareness and limited outreach. Additionally, without proper funding, these programs may not have the capacity to support the growing demand for mental health services.”
Option 2: Implementation of Peer Support Groups
Strengths:
“Peer support groups can create a sense of community and foster trust among healthcare workers, which can help break down the stigma around mental health issues. These groups have been shown to improve employee morale and create a more open environment for discussing mental health.”
Weaknesses:
“The success of peer support groups depends heavily on the training and commitment of the peer volunteers. If not properly managed, they could unintentionally exacerbate issues or fail to provide the necessary level of support.”
Option 3: Mandatory Mental Health Training for Supervisors
Strengths:
“Equipping supervisors with mental health training ensures that the issue is addressed at all levels of the organization, making it a systemic approach to preventing burnout. Early intervention can help prevent crises and reduce the overall impact on employee productivity.”
Weaknesses:
“Mandatory training could be seen as an additional burden for supervisors who are already overworked, and its effectiveness is contingent on the quality and depth of the training. If not thorough, it could lead to token efforts that don’t truly address the root causes of mental health challenges.”
Healthcare Workers’ Perspectives
“Healthcare workers generally support the implementation of peer support groups and mandatory mental health training for supervisors. Many workers express concerns that current systems often fail to recognize the early signs of burnout, and peer support groups could provide the emotional support that is often lacking. However, some workers feel that EAPs are underused due to concerns about confidentiality and fear of workplace repercussions.”
Hospital Administrators’ Perspectives
“Hospital administrators are more likely to favor policy options that focus on cost-effective solutions, such as increasing funding for EAPs. They may be concerned about the logistical challenges and additional expenses associated with peer support groups or mandatory supervisor training. They may also question the return on investment for policies that do not directly impact patient care.”
Policy Makers’ Perspectives
“Policy makers might focus on the long-term sustainability of any proposed solution, weighing the potential for broader systemic change against immediate, short-term costs. They may be particularly interested in evidence-based approaches, such as EAP funding, which can be shown to have measurable outcomes in reducing turnover and improving healthcare outcomes.
Now comes the fun part: offering solutions. You’ve analyzed the issue, and now it’s time to suggest ways to solve it. Make sure your recommendations are practical, evidence-based, and clearly linked to the problems you’ve identified.
Example: “Based on the evidence, a hybrid model offers the best solution, because it combines increased funding for employee assistance programs with mandatory mental health training for supervisors. This will not only improve employee wellbeing but also enhance the quality of patient care.”
What You Need:
Solution 1: Hybrid Mental Health Support Program “Implement a hybrid model that combines increasing funding for Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) with the establishment of peer support groups. This model ensures that both formal and informal support structures are available to healthcare workers. EAP funding would be increased by 20% over the next three years, while healthcare organizations would be tasked with setting up at least one peer support group per 50 employees.”
Solution 2: Mandatory Mental Health Training for Supervisors “Introduce a policy requiring all supervisors and managers in healthcare settings to complete mental health first-aid training within six months of taking on a supervisory role. This training will be required annually thereafter to ensure continued proficiency. The program will be developed in collaboration with licensed mental health professionals and delivered online to ensure accessibility for all employees.”
Solution 3: Mental Health Leave Policy “Create a mental health leave policy that allows healthcare workers to take up to 10 paid mental health days annually without affecting their sick leave balance. This policy would emphasize the importance of mental health as a legitimate and essential part of overall employee well-being.”
Solution 1: Hybrid Mental Health Support Program “Research shows that integrated support systems improve employee retention and reduce burnout. A study by Smith et al. (2019) found that workplaces with both formal mental health programs and informal peer support systems saw a 30% reduction in employee turnover and a 40% improvement in worker morale. Furthermore, the integration of peer support has been shown to enhance employees’ trust in their employer and reduce stigma associated with seeking professional help (Johnson & O’Connor, 2018).”
Solution 2: Mandatory Mental Health Training for Supervisors “A 2021 study published in the Journal of Health Management found that healthcare supervisors who received mental health first-aid training were 50% more likely to intervene early when a team member showed signs of burnout. This proactive approach led to a 25% reduction in burnout-related absenteeism within the first year of implementation (Parker & Lee, 2021). Additionally, employees who felt supported by their supervisors reported higher job satisfaction and a stronger sense of commitment to their employer.”
Solution 3: Mental Health Leave Policy “According to a report by the American Psychological Association (2020), companies that offer paid mental health days see a 30% reduction in stress-related health claims and a 15% increase in employee productivity. Allowing employees to take time off for mental health needs helps prevent the development of more serious conditions that could lead to long-term absences, ultimately saving healthcare organizations money in the long run.”
Solution 1: Hybrid Mental Health Support Program Feasibility: “The hybrid model is feasible within most healthcare settings, especially when phased in over a three-year period. Increasing EAP funding by 20% can be achieved by reallocating existing resources or seeking federal or state grants dedicated to improving workforce mental health. Peer support groups can be initiated at a low cost by training volunteers within the organization, with minimal financial investment required for the training process.” Cost: “The total estimated cost for this solution in the first year is approximately $250,000, which would cover the expanded funding for EAP services and the training of peer supporters.” Impact: “In the long term, this solution is likely to improve employee retention, reduce absenteeism, and foster a healthier work environment, leading to better patient outcomes and reduced turnover costs.”
Solution 2: Mandatory Mental Health Training for Supervisors Feasibility: “Mandatory training for supervisors can be rolled out within six months, with training delivered through an online platform to keep costs down and ensure that all managers can access the program regardless of location. Partnerships with mental health organizations could help develop the curriculum at a reasonable cost.” Cost: “The estimated cost for training all 500 supervisors within the first year is $150,000. This includes the development and delivery of the training program, which could be covered by reallocating resources from other leadership training initiatives.” Impact: “The training will lead to early intervention, which can significantly reduce the rates of burnout and stress-related illnesses among healthcare workers. In turn, this will likely result in higher employee satisfaction and retention rates, contributing to a stronger organizational culture.”
Solution 3: Mental Health Leave Policy Feasibility: “Implementing a paid mental health leave policy is feasible, although it will require initial adjustments to the organization’s leave policies. The policy could be introduced as a pilot program in one department or region, with broader implementation if it proves successful.” Cost: “The additional cost for offering 10 paid mental health days per employee is estimated at $1.2 million annually for a healthcare organization with 1,000 employees. However, the cost savings from improved productivity and reduced turnover could offset this expense.” Impact: “While the initial cost may be significant, research indicates that offering mental health leave can improve overall employee well-being, reduce absenteeism, and enhance employee loyalty. Additionally, the long-term cost savings from reduced burnout and improved retention could exceed the initial investment.
Finally, it’s time to wrap things up. Your conclusion should briefly restate your key points and stress the importance of your recommendations. End with a call to action — what do you want the reader to do next?
Example: “In conclusion, addressing mental health issues in healthcare is not just an ethical responsibility; it’s an economic necessity. By adopting the hybrid model we’ve outlined, healthcare organizations can improve employee satisfaction, reduce turnover, and ultimately provide better care for patients.”
What You Need:
“It is time for healthcare organizations and policymakers to take meaningful action. The well-being of healthcare workers is not a luxury—it is a necessity. We must prioritize mental health support, starting with the immediate implementation of the proposed hybrid support model and supervisor training programs. We can no longer afford to wait. Let’s act now to ensure that those who care for others are cared for in return. Together, we can build a healthier, more resilient workforce that is better equipped to tackle the challenges ahead.”
Health policy papers are often dense, and headings and subheadings can make them more digestible. They help the reader navigate through complex arguments and find the information they need quickly.
Why It’s Important: A paper without headings is like a map without a key — confusing and hard to follow. By using clear and concise headings, you’ll guide the reader through your paper without them getting lost.
Examples of Headings:
Tip: Keep headings short and to the point, and be consistent with their format throughout the paper.
Transitions help the paper flow smoothly from one section to the next and maintain logical coherence throughout your argument. They guide the reader and ensure that your discussion is easy to follow.
The inclusion of strong action verbs in healthcare writing is crucial for creating clear, concise, and impactful communication. Efficiency and clarity are paramount, as the decisions made based on written documents can directly affect patient outcomes, organizational effectiveness, and public health. Action verbs drive clarity by making statements more direct and assertive, helping writers convey their points with greater authority and immediacy. Sentence templates, on the other hand, provide a structured framework that guides writers in organizing their thoughts logically and coherently. By utilizing both, healthcare professionals and policy writers can craft documents that are not only easier to read and understand but also more persuasive and effective in achieving their intended outcomes. This resource provides a list of strong action verbs and sentence templates to help novice writers enter the discourse.
Health Care Action Verbs & Sentence Templates for Clear but Complex Thoughts
Check out https://apastyle.apa.org/ for APA questions!
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